cheap topamax next day without prescription

The primary aim of any vaccine is to stimulate immune functions and confer long-lasting protection. A paper recently uploaded to the preprint server bioRxiv* by Tong et al. (17^th Feb 2021) describes a novel vaccine utilizing PIKA adjuvant and recombinant spike proteins against COVID-19 disease that promises the generation of potent neutralization antibodies, which potentially support immune responses for years.

What are recombinant vaccines?

Recombinant proteins are created in genetically engineered cells, modified to express the protein of interest. In this case, the group chose the full-length spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as it contains many regions able to induce virus-specific T-cells. The spike protein was modified by two proline mutations to keep it in its pre-fusion form, a similar technique to that adopted by several other groups developing vaccines. PIKA was also incorporated into the final vaccine, and mice were administered weekly over a three-week period with 5 μg of protein and 50 μg of PIKA. The group found that antibodies specific to the spike protein were detected at a titer of more than 50,000 at the peak of day 21, phentermine in combination with citalopram with an average of 1,000, purportedly higher than achieved by the three approved vaccines (Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca, and Pfizer-BioNTech).

Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is a synthetically produced mismatched dsRNA strand that interacts with toll-like receptors on the surface of immune cells to act as an antiviral agent. It is usually referred to as PIKA when used as a vaccine adjuvant in a stabilized form and has been demonstrated to provide quantitative and qualitative improvements to immune responses when coadministered with an unadjuvanted vaccine.

Antibody titers measured by neutralizing assays and ELISA. Mice were immunized by Spike trimer or monomer proteins containing PIKA adjuvant by a 0-7-14 day schedule. A. The neutralizing titer as measured by pseudo-virus with monoclonal antibodies 40592-MM57 and 40591-MM43 as control (with IC50 at 1 μg/ml). B. Antibody titer as measured by ELISA using plate-bound trimeric Spike protein.

What are the advantages of recombinant vaccines?

A protein/peptide array was performed to test the method of binding, and showed that the produced antibodies that bound to the engineered spike protein did so similarly to the natural spike protein, mainly around the receptor-binding domain. This demonstrates that the recombinant protein is able to stimulate the immune system similar to the real virus, conferring effective and long-lasting immunity.

Protein/peptide array of serum antibodies induced by Spike protein vaccines. A. Protein array assay for sera from mice immunized by Spike trimer, Spike monomer, Non-immunized mice, using Spike (S_0.17 and S_0.5 means proteins were printed at 0.17 or 0.5 mg/ml); S1 subunit of Spike, RBD and other viral proteins. B. Linear peptide array using linear peptides of Spike proteins. CTD, C-terminal domain right after RBD (Peptides S1-93-S1-113); FP, fusion peptide (Peptides S2-14-S2-23); HR, heptad regions (Peptides S2-78).

The group used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to express the recombinant protein. CHO cells are popularly used in the production of recombinant proteins as they are easy to culture on a large scale and produce prodigious quantities of the desired protein, up to 10 grams per liter of culture. Many decades of working with these cells have allowed detailed genetic engineering that produces human biocompatible molecules.

Both recombinant protein and mRNA vaccines require the use of adjuvants, such as PIKA, in this case, to stimulate a robust immune response and confer long-lasting immunity. However, recombinant protein vaccines do not need to be stored at -80⁰C, as with the two most popular COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. Other vaccines based on recombinant proteins have seen success with longer-lasting immunity than conferred by mRNA vaccines, including hepatitis B and HPV vaccines. Comparatively, manufacturing is continuous, more readily scalable, and cheaper.

*Important Notice

bioRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.

Written by

Michael Greenwood

Michael graduated from Manchester Metropolitan University with a B.Sc. in Chemistry in 2014, where he majored in organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry. He is currently completing a Ph.D. on the design and production of gold nanoparticles able to act as multimodal anticancer agents, being both drug delivery platforms and radiation dose enhancers.