Calcifications in the breast can be benign or malignant. They can appear as either macrocalcifications or microcalcifications on a mammogram (i.e. an X-ray of the breast). Macrocalcifications look like large white dashes or dots and are mostly noncancerous and no further tests are required usually. Microcalcifications in Breast Microcalcifications are a reliable early sign of breast cancer and can be […]
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Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that reduces levels of the hormones that cause pain, inflammation, swelling and fever. It is used to treat conditions such as toothache, headache, arthritis, back pain and menstrual cramps. Like other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is associated with a number of side effects. Overdosing on the drug can lead to toxicity and serious harmful effects, […]
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Skip to: What is shock wave lithotripsy? Safety of shock wave lithotripsy What are the side effects of shock wave lithotripsy? Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) has become an increasingly popular treatment option to manage gall and kidney stones since its inception in the late 20th century. It is favored over surgical removal due to its non-invasive nature. However, like all […]
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Anxiety disorders have multiple subtypes each of which is characterized by unnecessary worry that can be distressing to the patient. How is diagnosis of Anxiety made? Diagnosis is made using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (Text Revision) also called DSM-IV-TR. The manual lays down criteria for diagnosis of each of the types of anxiety disorders. If […]
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Hypertriglyceridemia refers to an elevated level of triglycerides (a type of lipid) in the bloodstream, a condition that increases the risk of coronary artery disease. The triglycerides found in our bloodstream are a mixture of triglycerides that have been obtained from the diet and those produced in the body to provide an energy source. Hypertriglyceridemia is often caused or worsened […]
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By Jeyashree Sundaram, MBA Bowen's disease, also called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ, is a primitive kind of skin cancer. It occurs due to aberrant growth, division, and accretion of cells present in the epidermis of the skin (outer layer of skin). They do not spread, but if left untreated, Bowen's disease has chances of developing into SCC, a […]
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Back pain treatment varies with the severity, cause and associated factors. Some of the treatments and therapies that may be tried for back pain may be outlined as follows. Management of acute or short term back pain This is commonly seen in most individuals with back pain. The pain lasts no longer than six weeks and can be treated with […]
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Milia is a skin condition in which multiple tiny white bumps (cysts) can be seen on a newborn. It is extremely common and most babies will develop these keratin-containing cysts. Milia is seen in nearly half of newborn babies at birth. Its lesions may be seen on the face, scalp, and upper part of the torso, but there is nothing […]
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Vitamin D exists in two forms, vitamin D2 and vitamin D3, which differ in the structure of their side chains. These are called ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol respectively. Both forms are equivalent as to their biological activity and equivalent in dosage. Both are metabolized by conversion to the 25-hydroxy form and then to the 1,25-dihydroxy metabolite in the kidney, which is […]
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Hypoglycaemia refers to low blood glucose that occurs as a reaction to various stimuli in patients with diabetes mellitus. This occurs when the blood glucose drops below the normal level. Levels of blood glucose below 70 mg/dl are considered below normal. Mechanism of hypoglycaemia and its symptoms Hypoglycaemia occurs when there is not enough glucose in the blood to provide […]
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