The experience of a hangover varies between individuals, but, generally it is characterized by headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and dehydration. A hangover can also cause difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light and noise, thirst, diarrhea, and lethargy. Psychological effects may include feelings of irritable, depressed, or anxious. For some people, just one alcoholic drink can result in a hangover, while others […]
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Brain metastasis refers to the spread (metastasis) of cancer to the brain from another part of the body. Over the last few decades, the improved effectiveness of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy has meant people now survive cancer for longer than ever before. In addition, more advanced diagnostic and screening methods mean cancer is often detected early, well before it has […]
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Barbiturates are synthetic drugs used in medicine to depress the central nervous system. The effects range from mild sedation to coma and they may be used a sedatives, hypnotics or as part of anesthesia. Some barbiturates are used to relieve tension or anxiety prior to surgery. Barbiturates used to be regularly prescribed to treat insomnia, depression and anxiety, but the […]
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Immunomodulatory drugs or IMiDs are structural and functional analogs of thalidomide and potent modulators of the immune system. The two leading examples of IMiDs are pomalidomide and lenalidomide. Lenalidomide is currently available as a multiple myeloma therapy and both of the drugs are currently undergoing evaluation as potential therapies for other haematological malignancies. Thalidomide was the first agent to be […]
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The cause of ankylosing spondylitis is not clearly understood. However, a genetic association is clear. Pathogenesis of this condition has clear associations with the HLA-B27 gene. The HLA-B27 gene Persons who suffer from ankylosing spondylitis seem to carry a particular gene known as human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27). Nearly 90% of individuals with the condition test positive for this gene. […]
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Oxidative stress refers to a pathological state that arises from the damage caused by free radicals (collectively known of as reactive oxygen species, ROS) when they interact with molecules in the body. These free radicals can damage any component of the cell such as the DNA, the proteins and the lipids and give rise to cancer and various other disease […]
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Toxic shock syndrome is a rare illness involving a broad inflammatory response and multi-organ failure as a result of exposure to bacterial toxins. James K. Todd was the first to describe the syndrome in 1978 when he noticed seven children with similar symptoms, each of which was infected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The incidence of toxic shock syndrome rose significantly […]
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Hemophilia A is a condition that affects the ability of the blood to clot, which leads to prolonged bleeding in response to injury. The symptoms may appear as soon as the baby is born, especially if an assisted delivery was required. Some of the symptoms of this condition include: In the case of assisted delivery using vacuum extraction or forceps, […]
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Anemia is due to lack of haemoglobin in the blood which is below the normal level or due to less than normal levels of red blood cells in blood. The haemoglobin helps carry oxygen in blood. Lack of haemoglobin thus causes deficiency of life giving oxygen to vital organs. (1-4) Types of anemia There are various causes of anemia. It […]
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The bone marrow is a soft spongy tissue within the bones. It is the seat of production of hematopoietic cells. These cells include red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells like granulocytes and myelocytes and platelets like thrombocytes. The sites of bone marrow location include the sternum (middle of the chest), pelvis (hip bone), and femur (thigh bone). Stem […]
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