Cryptococcosis is a condition that is caused by infection with a fungus from the Cryptococcus family. There are over 30 types of this fungus but there are two main species that are responsible for nearly all cryptococcus infections in both humans and animals. These are called Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gatti. Risks and transmission of infection C. neoformans and C. […]
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Cells with nuclei are known as eukaryotic cells, the cells that make up animals, plants and yeast. The nucleus is the organelle that contains the majority of the cell's genetic material, where it is organized into dense linear complexes called chromosomes. The number of these chromosomes varies from species to species. Each chromosome has a central, bulb-like thickening called the […]
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The symptoms of laryngeal cancer can be similar to symptoms that arise in other conditions. For example, a common early sign is a hoarse voice, a symptom that is also seen in laryngitis. Some of the symptoms of laryngeal cancer include: Hoarseness of voice is one of the most common symptoms and should be checked if it persists for more […]
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Metformin is a biguanide used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and most commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent. Metformin is now also used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome and some malignancies. Despite a good safety profile in a majority of patients with diabetes, the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is genuine when safety guidelines are ignored. Overdoses with metformin are […]
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Sedatives encompass a wide variety of drugs with different mechanisms of action that can induce depression of the central nervous system (CNS). In the first part of the 20th century, the pharmacotherapy of anxiety and insomnia relied on barbiturates, which were replaced with benzodiazepines as drugs of choice in the second part of the previous century. Besides those two groups […]
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Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid used to treat pain and is almost a hundred times more potent than morphine. Fentanyl has a rapid onset of action and lasts only for a short time. The drug is widely used as an anesthetic as well as in the management of breakthrough pain and chronic pain. Synthesis of fentanyl The chemical name for […]
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Teriparatide is approved to treat osteoporosis in men and women who are at increased risk of fracture and treatment is also likely to include nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle guidelines for preventing bone loss. If bone loss is due to glucocorticoid use, the doctor may prescribe a bisphosphonate (e.g., alendronate or risedronate), monitor bone density and testosterone levels, and suggest using […]
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The discovery of penicillin and the scope of its possible usage is arguably the most important scientific discovery of the 20th century. The globalization of penicillin in the years immediately after the Second World War was swift, visible and interesting, and made this important antimicrobial drug both a political and a medical resource. Discovery of penicillin In 1928, Alexander Fleming […]
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Brain tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or non-malignant (benign). They result from an abnormal growth of brain tissues. (1) Since the brain lies within the strong bony cages of the skull, any growth or tumor that occurs within these tissues may create pressure on sensitive brain tissues. This leads to impairment of various brain and nerve functions including problems in […]
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Cramp involves the involuntary spasm of muscles, usually in the legs, that is transient in nature. It can occur in isolation or as a symptom of several other related health conditions. As a result, there are many possible causes of cramp and factors that are involved. Idiopathic Cause Idiopathic cramp refers to cramp that occurs without a known cause. It […]
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