Semen is a greyish white bodily fluid that is secreted by the gonads of male animals. It carries sperm or the spermatozoa and fructose and other enzymes that help the sperm to survive to facilitate successful fertilization. The whitish opalescence is due to the large amount of protein that it contains and its slightly turbid appearance is due to the […]
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Gynecology and obstetrics are twin subjects that deal with the female reproductive system. While obstetrics deals with pregnancy and its associated procedures and complications, gynaecology involves treating women who are not pregnant. Gynecology comprises of both medicine as well as surgical fields. While many of the gynaecological illnesses need hormonal and other pharmacological management, cancers, fibroids etc. require surgical removal. […]
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It is important that symptoms of epididymitis are recognized as soon as possible to enable early treatment and avoid worsening of the condition. This article details the significant signs and symptoms of epididymitis to allow it to be recognized and diagnosed so that treatment decisions can be made. It is also important to be aware of the signs of complication […]
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Zanamivir is the pharmaceutically active component of the antiviral medication Relenza. It stops the replication of the influenza virus and can lead to a shorter duration of symptoms, if taken shortly after the infection presents. Pathophysiology of Influenza Virus Influenza is caused by a viral infection of the respiratory tract. Once inside the host cell, the influenza virus replicates rapidly […]
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Epilepsy is a common disorder which affects 50 million people worldwide. As the disorder is not curable there is a very high prevalence or existing population with this disorder. Every year several hundreds of thousands join this pool of patients as new cases. In the United Kingdom In the UK one in 20 people will have a one-off epileptic seizure […]
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually causes the ventricles to contract faster than normal. When this happens, the ventricles don't have enough time to fill completely with blood to pump to the lungs and body. This inefficient pumping can cause signs and symptoms, such as: Palpitations (a strong feeling of a fast heartbeat or a "thumping" in the chest) Shortness of breath […]
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Women with renal disease, also known as kidney disease, continue to be at a significantly increased risk of complications during pregnancy, despite advances in healthcare to reduce these outcomes. The incidence of renal disease in pregnant women is relatively low with approximately 0.03% of pregnant women who had been diagnosed with the disease prior to conceiving. However, the potential effects […]
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The newborn infant has a range of normal appearances which also embraces the external appearance of the genital region. Male neonates have a patent processus vaginalis in 90% of cases. This is a free pathway which communicates between the peritoneal cavity and the scrotum, allowing fluid, blood or air to move between them. Scrotal Hematoma The scrotum may be enlarged […]
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Like urinary tract infections, cystitis is a preventable condition that can be avoided by following simple precautions. Some of the steps that can be taken to prevent cystitis and other urinary tract infections include: Maintaining personal hygiene and keeping the genital area clear. Women should remember to wipe from front to back to reduce the risk of contaminating the urinary […]
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Eclampsia is a seizure that can occur as a complication of pregnancy, following pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia describes the high blood pressure and rapid weight gain that can occur in pregnancy. Eclampsia seizures are tonic-clonic in nature and can become life-threatening unless quickly and properly treated. Together, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are referred to as hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Features and causes of […]
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