Treatment of any cancer is based on the stage of the cancer when it is diagnosed. Staging is performed for two purposes – to guide initial treatment decisions and to predict the patient’s survival outcome after therapy. Based on the TNM (tumor, node, metastases) staging system, prostate cancer is divided into four major stages based on the tumour size, lymph […]
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Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a type of sleep disorder that involve abnormalities in the timing of sleep. The circadian rhythm, also sometimes referred to as the body clock, is the natural pattern of sleep in the body, including feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness during the day. It naturally affects the body temperature, appetite, hormone secretion and alertness of the […]
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Von Recklinghausen disease (VRD) is also called neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). It is a genetic disorder in which the growth of nervous tissue is altered, producing tumors related to the nerve sheath. A single neurofibroma may not be indicative of this disorder, but multiple tumors are strongly suggestive of NF1. First described in 1882, it is the most common type […]
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We know that boozing can impact performance in the gym but if you do want to have your martini and drink it, when’s best to have a tipple? Just because you want to get stronger, faster or better at moving, you don’t necessarily want to live a monastic existence. If you fancy an alcoholic drink but still get strong, how can […]
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The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus and consists of many layers of cells, both gland cells and stromal or supporting cells. When the endometrium becomes thickened it is called endometrial hyperplasia. The term covers a lot of conditions, however, because thickening can refer to anything from a simple thickening due to estrogen exposure, which quickly reverses once […]
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Verrucas or plantar warts are small rough lumps that are formed over the pressure points of the soles of the feet. These commonly occur in the heels or balls of the feet. The causative organism of these warts is Human Papilloma virus (HPV) strains 1, 2 and sometimes 4. This condition is highly contagious and spreads from person to person […]
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Heroin is an analgesic opioid formed through the modification of morphine, a natural alkaloid occurring in the seed pods of the opium poppy. Heroin is a very potent and addictive opioid. Heroin addiction Heroin can be taken via various routes including: Injection is one of the most common routes of administration among heroin users The powder form of heroin can […]
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Angina is a heart condition that is typically manifested as chest pain and is more of a symptom of an underlying condition than a disease in itself. The pain in the chest is caused when the blood supply to the heart muscles of cardiac muscles falls short of the required amount. This occurs when the arteries that supply the heart […]
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Gangrene is caused by death of tissues due to lack of blood supply. This may be caused by long term diseases that lead to damage to blood vessels like diabetes or due to blood vessel injury like in burns or injuries that give way to deeper tissue infections. These infections cause the part to swell up leading to occlusion of […]
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Metformin is a biguanide widely used for the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that this compound ameliorates hyperglycemia without promoting insulin secretion, causing weight gain or generating hypoglycemia. Convincing data place energy metabolism at the center of metformin’s mechanism of action in diabetes, which may also be of importance in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Diabetes […]
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