Laparoscopic surgery or keyhole surgery is minimally invasive surgery that is associated with several advantages over traditional open surgery. In an open procedure, one large abdominal incision is made to expose the tissues and structures inside for examination and surgery. In a laparoscopic procedure on the other hand, only a small incision of up to 1.5 cm in length is […]
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Multiple myeloma affects thousands of people worldwide and is the second most common cancer of the blood only to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Multiple myeloma accounts for around 1% of all cancers worldwide and for about 2% of cancer-related deaths. The most common age of onset is between 65 and 70 years. However, recent estimates suggest that the age of onset is […]
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Zanamivir is the pharmaceutically active component of the antiviral medication Relenza. It stops the replication of the influenza virus and can lead to a shorter duration of symptoms, if taken shortly after the infection presents. Pathophysiology of Influenza Virus Influenza is caused by a viral infection of the respiratory tract. Once inside the host cell, buy generic actos from india […]
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The mesothelium consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells that lines serosal cavities and the majority of internal organs, playing important roles in maintaining normal serosal integrity and function. The exact mechanism of mesothelioma development – a highly aggressive tumor with a dismal prognosis – is still unclear. The pathophysiological mechanism has been linked to asbestos fibers […]
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In the early stages of multiple myeloma, patients have few or no symptoms of the condition, which may only be suspected or diagnosed by chance as a result of routine blood or urine testing. Diagnosis may also be suspected if certain symptoms are present. Some of the tests involved in diagnosing multiple myeloma include: A detailed medical history and examination […]
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Diuretics are drugs that can increase the amount of water and sodium that is excreted in the urine. There are several classes of diuretics, each with a different mechanism of action. The main classes of diuretics and their mechanisms are described below. Loop diureticsThese are the most effective type of diuretic, leading to the excretion of up to 20% of […]
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Vitamin E is a term that encompasses several subtypes of tocopherols, which are fat-soluble and exhibit antioxidant properties. Therefore, Vitamin E is able to inhibit free radicals in the body from reacting and causing damage to the genetic makeup of natural cell sin the body. It has been suggested that vitamin E may be linked to a number of potentially […]
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Cystitis is an inflammatory condition of the bladder that is usually caused by infection. Treatment is aimed at easing symptoms and correcting the infection, which has a high risk of returning without adequate treatment. The condition should be treated as soon as possible as the infection can spread to the kidneys and lead to severe complications. An outline of the […]
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What do arteries do? The arteries are blood vessels that deliver oxygen and vital nutrients to all the vital organs and peripheries in the body. The heart pumps blood through these vessels and with each pulse blood flows to distal circulation. With the conversion of each pulse into adequate circulation, a system is developed. At each systole (beat of the […]
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Several diseases and disorders are caused by autoimmune mechanisms. Autoimmune diseases can generally be divided into those that are systemic and those that are localised and only affect a certain tissue or organ. Systemic disorders Systemic disorders involve autoantibodies that are not specific to antigens found on certain tissues. Examples include: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Goodpasture’s syndrome Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Rheumatoid […]
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